Gunshot Forensic Analysis

Gunshot Forensic AnalysisSchool of ChemistryMM4EOX Electron-optical and roentgenogram TechniquesPages 12 Forensic investigating trace evidence abstract for gun-shot eternal sleepPage 3 Phase identification characterization of nanostructured materialsPage 4 Enviromental safety characterization of hunky-dory graduated t adapted particle distributionForensic investigation trace evidence abbreviation for gun-shot residueIntroductionThe ability to identify gunshot residue has provided solution to the problems encountered in the resolution of forensic science, legal medicines, and for shooting distance determination. Visually comparing the casework powder residue pattern on the garment or on the climb of the victim with the pattern obtained from a series of test firings at known distances, using the same gun and ammunition has been use as a coiffure for r proscribedinely estimating gunshot range. Burned and unburned powder grains, carbonaceous particles, bullet jacket debris, sh aving and dirt have been shown to be examples of materials ejected from the bore of the weapon around the catch up with hole of the bullet and have been utilize as materials for analytic determination in order to obtain a more and accurate result.1An issue that has baffle very important in criminal investigation is trace evidence. Very often it come into place later the commission of a crime, well after the charges have been filed and well after the completion of forensic examination. Trace evidence tidy sum usually take the form of fibers, paint chips, soil, building materials, glass, gunshot residue, seeds, feathers, beast hair, human hair, wood fragments and other material. It has been proved that these substances atomic number 18 usually transferred between individuals during physical contacts and bottomland also be transferred from individuals to environments and from environment to individuals.2This report shows how complementary analytical techniques ranging from bat ch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on first derivative pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), capillary electrophoresis, can been used to identify trace evidence for gun-shot residue.Batch Injection AnalysisBatch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) can been use to carry out forensic analysis of lead in gunshot residues (GSR). The design consist of a simple J shaped adaptor which is being used to direct the flux of the analyte injected with a micropipettor onto the hanging mercury drop electrode of any commercial electrode stand. Lifting with gooey tape measure is usually selected for field use and pasting of the tape is done on polyethylene screens and stored in capped vials. Sampling is usually done with multiple strips and thereof provides coarse mapping of the distribution of the Lead on the shooters hand following the dissolution/ extraction step with chloroform/sedimentary HCl. Certain volume of this aqueous phase is then injected for few seconds for accumulation of the Lead on the HMDE at a certain volt (vs. Ag/AgCl). A detection limit of 20 ng/mL of Pb(II), outreaching for GSR analysis can be achieved without oxygen removal, at a frequency of 20 injections per hour. Quantitative analysis has shown the detection of everywhere 90% of lead residues.3Scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis uncomplicated analysis using SEM/EDX can be carried out in order to understand bullet structure and major elemental composition. Datas produced from elemental composition of bullets can be used in deciding the exact methods most(prenominal) appropriate for the identification of bullet hole and the determination of firing distance. Bullets and shots atomic number 18 usually collected from unfired cartridges and subsequently brushed with detergents and cleaned using tap water, distilled water, and ace tone. Double-sided carbon tape can be used as a means of mounting jackets, lead cores and lead bullets and shot onto the sample stub on subjection to SEM/EDX analysis. The external cake, grade section of lead core, lead bullet, or lead shot can be subjected to elemental analysis using EDX. The internal surface and cross section of the jacket can also be subjected to elemental analysis in order to understand its structural composition. EDX measurement conditions can be localise from the SEM unit with regards to spectral measurement, multi-point measurement, mapping, and display of analysed elements on the SEM monitor. The image data obtained from the SEM can be used as basic data for the EDX, while the setting conditions for the SEM units are automatically transferred to the EDX unit. The function which provides the strongest backup for elemental distribution is the Smart Map. The Smart Map operates by recording the X-ray spectral data for all analysis points on the test sample t ogether with the positions of analysis, therefore providing the user to recall valuable data as needed. Backscattered electron imaging mode in SEM is able to reveal layers of metals on the jackets cross-section and its subsequent compositions while on the other hand, EDX analysis is able to reveal the coating elements detected on the external surface of lead bullet.4-5 At the moment, this technique is widely accepted due to the morphological (SEM) and elemental (EDX) determination of the metal residue.Capillary electrophoresisCapillary electrophoresis can be used for the analysis of organic and inorganic components of gunshot residue in order to study sampling methodology, selectivity, reproducibility, quantification and the enhancement of the bulk analysis. A regular(prenominal) P/ACE MDQ Beckman capillary electrophoresis system is being used with polymide bare fused silica capillaries. A diode detector is usually used as a means of carrying out direct UV detection. A temperature of 25oC, with a positive voltage of 30KV and hydrodynamic injection of 5s and 0.5 p.s.i is usually used. The conditioning of invigorated capillaries is usually done by rinsing with ethanol, HCL, NaOH at particular proposition time and temperature. Between runs, the capillary is usually rinsed with deionised water, NaOH, and again with deionised water and background electrolyte at specific times. The sample is usually ejected into the capillary by temporal replacement of one of the buffer reservoir (usually at the anode) with a sample reservoir upon application of both an electric potential or external pressure for a few seconds. Upon replacement of the buffer reservoir, an electric potential is applied between the capillary and the detachment is performed. Optical UV-detection of the separated GSR component can be obtained directly through the capillary wall near the opposite end (usually near the cathode). swab technique has been used as a means of obtaining samples from guns hot. This technique is however not too good in detecting important organic residue such as barium and antimony. Figure 1, shows a typical zone of sampling for gunshot residue.6-7Figure1 Typical zones of sampling for gunshot residue.(A) web and (B) palm.7Phase identification characterization of nanostructured materialsComplementary analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopies such as TEM SEM, and EDX spectrometry can be employed as a set of tools in characterizing a one-dimensional inorganic nanostructure in order to investigate the crystal structure, particle size distribution, morphology, composition and aggregate utter.XRDThe technique of XRD can be used to deduce the grill parameter of inorganic nanostructures which can be used to provide information on the thermal properties of the material, strain state or an analysis of the defect structure. The diffraction pattern of the material can be indexed appropriately if the crystal structure of the m aterial is known. For example, in a cubic system, the d spacing which correspond to each diffraction pattern is related to the lattice parameter a following the equation a2 = d2 / (h2 + k2 + l2) in which hkl are the miller indices. This is however used in indexing the diffraction pattern. This technique is however subject to systematic error in the position of the diffraction peaks and random error in the individual calculation of the lattice materials.8 The calculated lattice parameter value is usually compared with the experimental value and this can further be used for appropriate interpretation of result.SEM/EDXNanostructured materials can be characterized by SEM integrated with an EDX analyzer in order to determine the particle morphology and chemical composition of the sample. The SEM column forms a focused look into of electrons on the sample while the beam current and probe current are usually adjusted as required. An image is formed by scanning the probe in a raster patter n on the sample, detecting some excited radiations from the sample, and storing the result either as a pattern of varying intensity levels on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen or an a pattern of digital values in electronic memory for later manipulation and display. SEM images are usually formed by detecting either the secondary (low-energy) electrons emitted from the sample, or the backscattered ( tall-energy) electrons.9 Secondary electron images can provide information on the sample topography thus revealing information about the grain size distribution of the material.TEM/EDXTEM/EDX investigation of nanostructured materials can provide a more detailed information about the smallest particle. When the pick area diffraction (SAD) pattern is projected onto the viewing screen, we can use this pattern to perform the two most basic imaging operations in the TEM. In order to form an image in TEM, we either use the central spot, or we use some or all of the scattered electrons. The way w e take on which electron forms the image is to insert an aperture into the back focal plane of the objective lens, thus blocking out most of the diffraction pattern except that which is visible through the aperture. If the direct beam is selected the resultant image is a bright-field (BF) image and if the scattered electrons are selected then the resultant image is the dark-field (DF) image.10 The dark-field imaging and digitization of particles can be used to extract size distribution of the grains through thresholding and measurement of the projected areas.Enviromental safety characterization of fine weighing machine particle distributionsAppraisal of the fine scale particle distributions emitted from a waste disposal furnace can be carried out using SEM/EDX to investigate the particle morphology, composition and chemistry, while TEM/EDX can be carried out to give a more detailed information about the particle size distribution and SIMS to determine isotopic ratios.SEM/EDXSEM equ ipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer can be used determine the elemental composition, morphology and chemistry of emitted particle in a waste disposal furnace. In order to determine the emitted particle containing the heavy metals, the sample is subjected to backscattered electron imaging while emitted particle containing salts can be imaged in the secondary electron mode. The detected backscattered electrons get down from the larger volume of the sample than do secondary electrons, and thus form an image of lower resolution. Focusing of a small spot on the high Z area followed by analysis of the X-ray signal with EDX allows the resulting X-ray lines to be detected and the elemental composition determined.TEM/EDXTEM images of the sample which comprises DF and BF can be joined with EDX analysis and chemical mapping can be carried out. Both DF and BF imaging in TEM can be used to investigate the metal speciation in the fine fraction of the emitted particle furnac e. DF imaging and digitization of the particle can be used to extract size distribution through thresholding and measurement of project areas. Elemental composition of the emitted particle could be detected in small aggregates upon analysis by EDX and selected area electron diffraction.SIMSSecondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine isotopic ratios of the heavy metals from within emitted particles. It operates by switching between masses and it possesses two microfocus ion sources. Sputtering is usually done with a uncreated O2+ and the intensity controlled by tuning the primary ion beam. The instrument can operate with a mass resolution power (MRP) of 25000.11REFERENCES1 Roberto G, Anna P and Salvatore, J Forensic Sci, butt on 2008, Vol. 53, No. 2.2 Douglas D, Crime Scene, United States Attorneys Bulletin, 2001Vol. 49 No. 5.3 Adriana D, Ivano G and R. Gutz, Electroanalysis 2005, 17, No. 2.4 Hsien-Hui M, and Yen-Lin C, Forensic Science Journal 2006 521-34.5 Tos hikazu Y, Sukehiro I, Yoshinori N, Keith S, Readout, 2001 No. 22.6 Richard A, Jennifer M, Harry E, Background guess and principles of capillary electrophoresis.7 Ernesto B, Alma L. Revilla V,J. Chromatography A, 1061 (2004) 225-233

Impact of foreign institutional investors on Indian stock market

Impact of international institutional investors on Indian billet merc heapiseCHAPTER 1Generalities of StudyIntroduction In the initial period the economic growth of all the countries were started by brass planning and action by developing the farming(a), manufacturing and the infrastructure facilities of the country. Though these facilities were adequate for the scrimping but it didnt boost the municipal growth of the country as it did non lead to much saving or both further investing. Since these domestic help savings were inadequate, countries had to depend on the loans from contrasting countries for the development of their country through different public organisations. This led to growth of economies by increase strange investments which came in the act of overseas loans. inappropriate capital plays a significant role in the development of any economy. It fills the gap between domestic savings and its required investment for growth. But this investment limited t he scope of growth as loans were not easily available. So countries induced contradictory investments by allowing them to invest in the companies listed on carry certificate grocerys to a study extent. This led to development of stock markets. monetary fund Markets initially were just a way for people to invest their money into different companies and they were not that big. But as of today they come become an of the essence(predicate) part in the growth process of any country. Due to development of stock markets, economies argon getting internationalised and world is getting smaller. Hence the significance of stock markets has grown above leaps and bounds. As of today the Gross Domestic Production of a country largely depends on stock markets. As a result to each one country is trying to enhance its stock markets in order to arse foreign investments and to boost the growth process of their own country.The best decision of the century has been the financial liberalisatio n of the equity markets all over the world which gave opportunity for foreign investors to invest in domestic markets especially of the emerging economies. According to Lalitha, S (1992), the main reason for opening stock market for FIIs was to attract foreign investments and s conduct country from raising more debts. According to Cerny (2004), the behaviour of stock market is affected by the globalisation of the world economy.The abroad Investors are eyeing these old age on the Asian markets specially India due to many obvious reasons. First of all growth potential in Asian Markets is mellower, secondly its cheaper in countries akin India to invest as the costs are low, thirdly there is a higher investor base and fourthly mostly the Asian economies are developing and thusly the governments are welcoming to Foreign investors as they play a major role in boosting the growth of the country. Now the question that arises is who are Foreign institutional Investors? According to SE BI, FII means an entity which is established or inembodiedd come outside India and which proposes to nurse investments in India. According to Sehgal and Tripathi (2009) FIIs are speculators instead of investors as they tend to invest in stock for short verge and aft(prenominal) attaining short term invites they tend to move away to different company and this might lead to excitableness in stock prices and may lead to financial crisis. FIIs investments in stock market increases excitableness in market due to excessive liquidity but it in like manner leads improvement in value of stocks.According to Choe et al., (1999) Froot et al., (2001) Griffins et al., (2002), Foreign Investors run afterward returns from stocks, in a way they will buy shares in those companies whose returns they expect to be high. According to Syste et al. (2003), Foreign Investors invest in large liquid companies which enable them to exit quickly at lower cost. Another question by Prasana (2008) Forei gn institutional Investors have been eyeing on Indian Markets because of the positive fundamentals of the economy and potential to grow fast. Since foreign investors are freely available and are unpredictable, therefore FIIs are always on look out for kale. FIIs move their investments regularly and because of these swings there is a tendency to be fluctuations in prices and hence increased volatility in the market. Another study by Clark and Berko (1997) key outs that stock prices rises due to increase in capital hang ups by foreign institutional investors but they could not think that the rise in prices are for short term or for long term. Another finding which indicates positivity of straw man of FIIs was produced by Banaji (2000). According to him, due to presence of FIIs in Indian market there has been improved transparency in the procedures, automation and regulations regarding disclosure and reporting standards were initiated. So it becomes the necessity to study the Imp act Foreign institutional Investors have on Indian sway Market.Background of Indian EconomyIndia was chemical formulad for nearly 200 years by British rule and in 1947 it gained its independence.( http//www.iloveindia.com/history/modern-history/british-india.html) So the growth of India has come in the last 60 years in which Indian economy has been thriving to set its bridgehead in the world. Under the British rule India was mainly dependent on its agricultural production and few basic industries were in existence as in textile industry which was basically for the benefit of the British colony to support them in their trade for European goods by exporting Indian basic agricultural goods and textile manufactures.After Independence, India carried on with its policy of attaining self sufficiency and closed the doors for the foreign investors. But this policy of government limited the growth of economy. So in order to finance the needs to economy of providing basic necessities to its citizens and for getting over with the burden of loans as the foreign reserves were at their all time low, Government of India took support from World Bank and International Monetary Fund to get the country on to revival path. These organisations agreed to help Indian economy on the condition that they will allow foreign investors to enter India.So basically a reform process was initiated in India after balance of payment crisis of 1991 which was recommended by M. Narsimham, chairman of committee of financial constitution. This became starting point of deregulation of financial sector and development of various sectors of financial markets. This resulted in significant changes in Indian market from dull to highly buoyant stock market. As a result Indian markets were opened to foreign institutional investors in September 1992 and this case led to proceedsive globalising of the financial services and since then the Foreign Institutional Investments have been travel positively year on year. These investments helped India in developing infrastructural facilities which were requirement for the growth of the country. These investments were led due to increasing confidence in Indian stock markets which were based on strong macro-economic fundamentals of the economy, abolition of long term capital gain tax, improved transaction of Indian companies and transparency in the regulatory system.The opening up of markets for foreign investors had its own pros and cons. Pros of financial liberalisation are that for the first timely stock markets had to improve its trading mechanism and match up to world standards and secondly with the presence of foreign investors, information system saw a drastic change. Con of financial liberalisation was that it brought destabilisation in the economy and increased more volatility in stock movements. But overall it increased confidence of foreign investors in Indian stock market. The last two decades has led to growing participation of Institutional Investors which includes not only the foreign Institutional investments but withal investments by domestic institutional investors.Indian economy has been an attractive avenue for foreign investors as nearly 16% of the world people lives in India and overly India has joined the elite club of 12 countries to cross one thousand thousand sawbuck economy. Other countries which have in past breached this trillion dollar economy mark in the past includes countries like U.S, Japan, Germany, China, France, U.K, Italy, Spain, Canada, Brazil and Russia. Besides this countrys stock Market capitalisation has excessively risen to $944 billion which is close to trillion dollar level. As per Credit Suisse Report, stock markets have risen in eight out of ten countries after reaching this mark.Foreign Institutions have contend a major role in Foreign Investments in India which resulted in changing the face of Indian decline Market. According to M Puri, ICICI Securities Chief, ( 2009) India has been looked upon as the safest reference for foreign investors. Foreign Institutional Investors are the companies which are registered outside India. They are registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India and they are guided by SEBI in participating in stock market through limits placed by it. The major source of their investment in Indian demarcation market is through Participatory notes which are almost 50% of the money invested in markets. The disadvantage of participatory notes is that the investor is anonymous and hence it could be an investment by any organisation including terrorist organisations. Foreign Institutional Investors have invested more than $41trillion of funds in India in the past four years which resulted in bull market witnessing unprecedented growth with BSE Sensex rising in absolute terms. India has witnessed over a decade of FIIs portfolio flows and these flows have gained significance and have played a key role in the overall I ndian Economy.The shock absorber of foreign investments in India is significant. The increasing role of Institutional investors led to both qualitative and quantitative developments in Indian Stock Markets. The Foreign institutional investors has also tincted the domestic investors to a large extent in the sense that if FIIs sell the stocks then there is a situation of panic created among the domestic investors and they tend to sell as tumesce. Hence there is a need to study its impact on Indian companies and economy in oecumenical victorious into consideration all the factors affecting movement of stocks on Indian Stock Market.Significance of StudyIndian economy is growing at a actually fast pace. Most of the FIIs are investing in India due to its significant growth. These FIIs though they are investing in the country, they not only invest for profit they also are affecting the movement of stocks in stock markets. Hence they are impacting the stock market in a large way which is an important perimeter of the Indian economy as it contributes to the growth process of Indian Economy. So it is significant to study the impact of Foreign Institutional Investments on Indian Stock Market.Objectives of StudyThe main objectives of study areTo analyse the impact of FIIs investments on the shareholding pattern of Stock exchange companies.To find way to reduce lay on the line associated with investing in stock market and to know when to exit.To look for investment opportunitiesCHAPTER 2Re mentation of Literature and StudiesDeterminants of FIIsForeign Institutional Investors play a major role in the economic growth of India. Their impact is significant even though their market capitalisation is not much and is improving year on year. Several attempts have been made to understand the impact FIIs have on Indian Stock markets. According to Aggarwal 1997, Chakrabarti 2001 and Trivedi and Nair 2003(cited in Rai and Bhanumurthy) equity returns have positive impact on FIIs . But Gordon and Gupta,2003 ( as citied in Rai and Bhanumurthy) contradict by saying that foreign investors are here for earning profits, they invest in a company and stimulate the price go up as other investors follow and then book their profits and leave. So it can be said that there is a bi bursteral relationship between FIIs and equity return.After the bursting of infotech bubble in 1998 and Asian crisis, Chakrabarti (2001) analysed and found a shift in regime in the determinants of FIIs. He analysed that before the Asian crisis, any change in investment pattern by FIIs had a positive impact on equity returns but after Asian Crisis he found that if there is a change in equity return then the behaviour of FIIs change. But Trivedi and Nair (2003) are of a different view point, they feel that any investments made depend a lot on the risk associated with it. They further divide realised risk into two factors, ex-ante and unannounced risk. According to them, ex-ante risk is negativ ely related to FIIs whereas the relation of FII with un anticipate risk is not certain. This is because uncertain activities can bring unimaginable loss or gain depending on the situation. Take for example U.S subprime crisis. Those crises were unexpected and they led to unexpected movement in stock markets and FIIs activity.Studies in the past have reason out that the return in source country and inflation in that country doesnt exert pressure on FII. But this theory has been contradicted by the recent subprime recession in US which led to most of FIIs withdrawing their investments in order to cope up with crisis in their own country. Hence if stock markets of foreign investors home country are doing well and there is stability in their economy then it leads to a positive impact on the investments by FIIs.According to Aggarwal 1997 (as cited in Rai and Bhanumurthy 2004) world stock market capitalisation has a positive impact on growth of FIIs in India. According to literature surv ey shows that most of the existing studies do not formulate the effect of stock volatility and also they do not account for realised risks in foreign and domestic markets.Another observation by Ahmadjian and Robbins (2005) after analysing firms in Japanese economy showed that foreign investors are more inclined towards profit making than going in for long term ownership. They tend to make money and move away towards other company.Investment Preferences of FIIsAccording to Douma, Pallathiatta and Kabir (2006) there is a positive impact of foreign ownership on firm performance and especially on the emerging economies. They also found the impact on business group affiliations of FIIs But FIIs dont invest in any firm, they invest in those firms which have good corporate brass as the firms with poor corporate governance are least protective about the investors and instead they are implicated about their own interest only, this was observed by Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2005). Acco rding to them companies which are controlled by block of shareholders they find it difficult to find external investors as they are derived by private benefits and may manipulate things accordingly. This was already concluded by Cho and Padmanabhan 2001 (as cited in Prasana 2008) that block shareholders influence firm performance. They also said that corporate governance of listed companies play an important role in attracting foreign investments. They also clarified that block shareholders mean basically businesses run by family groups and distinguished them from times when government acts as block shareholders they act quiet differently from private investors. Bhanumurthy and Rai (2003) made an attempt to examine the determinants of FIIs by using the monthly selective information from January 1994- November 2002 by analyzing the effect of return, risk and inflation in domestic and foreign economy. They firstly calculate the domestic and foreign returns from daily returns on BSE Se nsex and SP 500. After the analyses they find out that FIIs inflow depend on stock market returns, inflation rate and Ex-ante risk.According to Yin-Hua and Woidtke 2005 (cited in Prasana 2008) investors protection is weak when company board is dominated by members of controlling family and it gets difficult to separate the ownership from management then firm value is inversely related to family ownership firms. Their view was supported by Choe, Kho, Stulz (2005) who analysed US investors and concluded that they hold fewer shares in companies where ownership structure is more conducive to insiders. Another observation by LI (2005) was that if there was poor corporate governance then foreign investors tend to prefer other route of Foreign Direct Investment instead as Foreign Institutional Investors. firing further in accessing the information on firm ownership, Leuz, Nanda and Wyoscki (2003) assessed the firm level characteristics and found family control increases insider trading wh ich gives less benefit to foreign investors. They were supported by Haw, Hu, Hwang and Wu (2004) who concluded that firm level characteristics cause information asymmetry problems for FIIs.In order to analyse the investment preferences of FIIs, Dahlquist et al (2003) analysed the foreign ownership and firm characteristics of Swedish Stock Market and they concluded that FIIs prefer firms which are large, pay low dividends and have a huge cash holdings. Whereas Covirg et al (2007) were of the view that foreign managers have comparatively less information than domestic managers and hence they concern FIIs preference to be based on size of sales and stocks which are listed on foreign soil.According to Li and Jeong-Bon 2004 (as cited in Prasana 2008), FIIs are in a better position to analyse the public information and hence they tend to avoid stocks with high cross-corporate holdings whereas according to Morin 2000 (as cited in Prasana 2008) as they analysed the French model of sharehold ing and management of FII pattern concluded that France has undergone a rapid change and has gone away with the traditional system of FII holding and facilitated with new techniques which demands corporate management.Stock Market VolatilityResearch by Forbes and Rigobon (2002), Bekaert, Harvey and Lumsdaine (2002a,b) , Edwards (2000) and others focussed on stock market volatility concentrating on pitiful of volatilities among different economies and also of the financial crisis which happened thereafter. Bakaert and Harvey 2000 (as cited in Batra 2004) analysed equity returns of a group of emerging markets before and after financial reforms. According to Aggarwal, Inclan and Leal 1999 (as cited in Batra 2004) topical anesthetic events and happenings make the stock markets to turn volatile in emerging economies. In order to draw this conclusion they analysed emerging stock markets for volatility for period of 1985-95 and by using ICSS algorithm they identified points of sudden chang e when some event occurred or when there was large movement in stock market volatility. They figure the variance at each point. According to De Santis and Imrohoroglu 1997 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) studied the behaviour of volatility in emerging markets and the effect of liberalisation on financial markets and concluded that volatility decreased after liberalisation. Their study was contradicted by Singh (1993), Grabel (1995), Levine and Zervous (1998), Kamminsky and Schmickler (2001 and 2003), Nission (2002) and Edwards et al. 2003 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) by saying that financial liberalisation increases stock market volatility. In Indian context, Samal 1997 and Pal 1998 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) found that FIIs investment is the major source of volatility whereas stock market volatility was lower in liberalized economy. This view was supported by Richards 1996 who took three different methodologies and two dif ferent sets of data to calculate the volatility in emerging markets and came with the conclusion that there was no experimental evidence which supports that liberalization of economy increases volatility in stock markets.Hamao and Mei 2001(as cited in Batra 2004) examined Japanese market at a time when foreign portfolio investments in Japan were small and found no proper evidence to prove that foreign investments tend to increase volatility more than increase in volatility due to domestic investors. Folkerts Landau and Ito 1995 (as cited in Batra 2004) com institutionaliseed market volatility in emerging economies at different periods in which there was a difference in flow of portfolio and found in case of Mexico that stock prices were less volatile when Foreign flows were more volatile and vice versa for Hong Kong. According to Nilsson (2002) by using Markov regime displacement model in Nordic Stock markets, liberalisation in stock markets leads to increase in volatility. Nilss on also evidenced that higher volatility and higher expected returns have strong links with international stock markets.Considerable attention has been paid these days to stock market volatility and especially after global recession. Stock Markets had been highly volatile in emerging markets like India and its study becomes important.Investment strategies of FIIs There has been a considerable amount of look into done on the investment strategies of FIIs which show the Positive feedback and herding strategies being followed by FIIs. Research done by Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (LSV) 1992(cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) looked at the investment behaviour of 769 US tax explain equity funds managed by 341 money managers for the period of 1985 to 1989. They concluded that there was no herding by money managers but it was prevailing in the behaviour of stock prices of small companies than in large companies. The reason given by LSV is that information on large stocks is easily av ailable whereas small companies do not set aside much information to public, so money managers look at the investments by other big investors into small stock and follow them. According to LSV, it is difficult to find the effect of herding as at times a small amount of herding can bring significant movement in stock prices. An argument was put forward by Dornbusch and Park (1995) that foreign investors follow positive feedback strategy which leads to stock unusual movement in stock prices. Wermers 1998 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) use LSV measures to bridle the presence of herding among coarse funds. He took the quarterly data of mutual funds from 1975 till 1994 and concluded that mutual funds showed existence of herding. He also analysed stocks and concluded that herding among those stocks tend to be higher which had reported higher amounts stock returns in the previous quarter. He concluded that investors buy those stocks which had good returns in the previous quarter an d sell those stocks which had poor quarterly results. After computing average level of herding by Wermers model it was concluded that herding is more in mutual funds than in stocks. But after analysis of trading behaviour of large pool of mutual funds it was found that the herding behaviour in fact reduces in mutual funds and it was justified as large pool of mutual funds carry stock which have large amount of capitalisation and companies with large capitalisation tend not to do any herding. Another analysis by Bonser- Neal et al 2002 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) analysed the foreign trading behaviour on Jakarta Stock exchange between 1995 and 2000 and found positive feedback trading and herding by foreign investors but they didnt find any evidence indicating destabilising of markets due to foreign investors during Asian crisis. Richards 2002 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) employ data pertaining to net purchases by foreign investors in six Asian emerging markets over 19 99-2001 and found an evidence of positive feedback trading. According to Kim and Wei (2002) foreign investors who live outside Korea are more likely to indulge in positive feedback trading and herding strategies as compared to their branches and subsidiaries who are sustenance in Korea or any foreign national staying in Korea. According to them this difference in trading behaviour arises due to different kind of processing of information by those living outside Korea than those living inside.CHAPTER 3 info and MethodologyResearch Methodology and DesignAccording to Collis and Hussey (2003), Methodology refers to overall approach to look into process which includes underpinning of theory, order of battle of data and analysing it. However the research process adopted depends to a great extent on the approach taken by the researcher. Research design is the general plan of how to go about answering the research question. It gives the logic behind every interpretation. Due to nature of research carried out the prime focus has been on gathering the secondary data which is relevant to analysis being carried out. According to Collis and Hussey (2003), there are two main paradigms of research that is qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is followed by those people who have phenomenological bent as it deals with understanding the behaviour of human beings. Therefore it is also known as Phenomenological Paradigm. On the other hand Quantitative research refers to those who relate to positive view of the world and therefore this kind of research is also called as Positivistic Paradigm. Positivistic paradigm is used basically in natural sciences as this approach gathers facts with subjectivity of the nature of research and individual bias.For the enjoyment of research both qualitative and quantitative data will form part.Qualitative Data this data has been collected byStudying into the certain days on which markets fluctuated in upside or downside direction to a great extentStudying the changes in regulations by the Securities and Exchange Board of India in relation to foreign institutional investors.Studying the behavior of domestic investors and other factors affecting the market.Studying the can on which the foreign institutional investors entered Indian Stock Market and there enter and exit strategy and its impact on Indian economy.Quantitative Data this data has been collected byStudying the market capitalization of foreign institutional investors and their cumulative effect on stock marketLooking in the growth of number of institutional investors and the share of their investments year on year.The research onion below in the draw gives an overview, how to achieve the objectives by using the techniques in each layer of the onion.In order to carry on with the research each onion of the Research onion plant has been peeled systematically so as to get in the right direction. The philosophy adopted for the purpose of research is Po sitivism philosophy as research has been undertaken mostly from the data already published in journals, articles, previous researches etc. Approach taken by the researcher is mainly inductive as level best data is qualitative and it has been of utmost importance to cover every aspect of research. Researcher has taken the case study strategy to analyse the data. The Researcher has used Mixed Method research choice in the sense the data collected comprises of both qualitative and quantitative data. The time horizon for research has been longitudinal as this research has been carried on after observing the behaviour of stock markets over a long period of time and on happening of any event.While carrying out the research it has been kept in mind that the research objectives and the characteristics of the information collected match. In order to analyse the Impact of FIIs on Indian Stock market, a thorough research has been done from different sources which includes RBI and SEBI publica tions, newspaper articles, journals, previous research done on the topic and also from internet.For the purpose of our research study we are looking into the data till financial year 2008-09. Limitations of StudyThis study has been taken during the time when impact of recession has not been fully analysed and its exact nature and impact on the movement of stock markets and Financial Institutional Investors cannot be justified as it is a global recession. So research may miss out some of the implications of recession and may not correlate to impact which FIIs may have during the normal market conditions.Data has been collected mostly through online source. It was not possible to conduct personnel interviews with top brokers in India due to distance barriers. Hence the findings and analysis has been derived on the basis of data available online.Summary of ResearchThe majority of this research is conducted by making use of secondary sources of data which includes journals, articles, bo oks, magazines, newspapers, Internet and other electronic sources. The research in this area has already been conducted but the purpose of this research is to generate new ideas and to gain further understanding into the subject by looking into each and every detail of it. This research is conducted at the time of recession, the condition which was not prevalent earlier, so it is expected to bring new concepts and theories into existent and it will also over rule some of the studies that have already been conducted.CHAPTER 4Analysis of Indian Stock MarketOverview of Indian Stock MarketStock markets were first introduced to India in 1875 as a non profit making organisation. Bombay Stock exchange is the oldest stock market in whole Asia. Stocks in India are traded on the stock exchanges which are around 23 which includes Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. Stock exchange is a corporation which provides its brokers to trade stocks of companies which are listed with them. The organisation of Stock Exchange, its systems and practices are regulated by Securities Contract, (Regulation) Act (SC(R) ACT), 1956.They are highly efficient organisations which have led to growth of securities market. Stock exchanges trade securities which include shares, unit trust, pooled investments and also bonds which are listed on them. Members of the stock exchange act as its agents as they are only allowed to trade on behalf of their customers who pay brokerage to them for the services provided by them. Stock exchanges also provide plenty of services as in issuing and redeeming shares and also in payment of dividends to its shareholders through its participants or members.Stock exchanges are important even though it is not necessary to issue shares via stock exchange. Shares are normally issued through Initial Public Offering (IPO). Stock exchanges play a major role in the economy as of today as they help with expansion plans of the country by mobilising the savings to investments and also by redistributing wealth among the economy.Stock exchanges maintains the records of all the shareholders at one central location but shares that are traded on stock exchange they are not dependent on that central location as the computerisation has made it easier to trade stocks. All stock exchanges have become an important part of world market for securities as global investors can invest in any market from anywhere.Importance of Stock Markets in IndiaStock markets play an important role in the economy as they are now the financial indicators of growth in any country. They represent the crux of functioning of all the sectors of country. NSE NIFTY comprises of 50 top Indian companies from each sector and BSE SENSEX comprises of 30 companies from all the sectors. The following points describe the role stock markets play in IndiaImproving Corporate governance Since Stock markets are regulated by SEBI, companies are bound to follow the rules and regulations in ord er to have a good market value of their stocks on stock markets. This is possible only if they keep their shareholders satisfied. So they

Soft Powers Relationship With Hard Power

hushed causalitys Relationship With saturated military forceThe decline of U.S. Hard Power perturbed the rabid US nationalists. Hence in response to US declining Hard Power came the opinion of Soft Power. Joseph S. Nye first developed the concept of Soft Power in Bound to Lead, a admit in reply to Paul Kennedys book The Rise and Fall of great business carry nonpareilrs In this book Paul Kennedy had announced the decline of US Power. Mr. Nye disputed Kennedys chatter for that US was in decline. At that time he pointed out that the united States was non only the strongest nation in military and economic names, but as well as in a third symmetry which he yelled well-situated super queen.He defined Soft Power as the ability to get what you want by attraction rather than through coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a countrys culture, political ideals and policies. When our policies are deliberaten as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft male monarch is enhanced.iThe greatest source of place in international affairs today, phrases Joseph S Nye, Dean of Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and the leading proponent of Soft berth, may lie in persuading other nations to see your interests as their interests. Underlying this assertion persuading others that our respective interests are aligned is the fact that we live in a world where countries give the bounce no longer live in splendid isolation. Globalization has been the juggernaut propelling interconnectedness and global media the glue that binds spate across continents.iiHe went on to say that this advocate could be cultivated through relations with allies, economic assistance and cultural exchanges. He argued that this would result in a more favourable unexclusive opinion and credibility abroad. Later Joseph S. Nye authored two more books titled Soft Power The means to success in world politics and Paradox of Ameri merchantmanister supply Why the worlds only super power stinkert go it alone.Hans Morgenthau has defined power as, Ability of a nation to persuade, influence, essence or differently induce another nation to take an action or change an objective that the latter would otherwise not prefer to of its own.iiiPower is an ability of an proletarian to impose its will on others. In this sense three basic conditions are required so that Power can come into existence. First, an actor moldiness have the possibilities/ assets to influence other actors. Quantifiable elements manage military and economic possibilities and unquantifiable elements like culture, value system and mode of life constitute the first dimension of Power. Second, the actor having these power elements must be conscious of having them. In other words, the actor must have the will to capitalize on these assets. Thirdly, the other actors in the system must recognize and acknowledge that power. For power to exist, other actors must change their po licies in line with the interests of the dispely that has power. In this sense, power is relational.5. Historically, actors have been apply military and economic Power to force other actors to fall in line with the preferences of power holders. In other words, it forced the other actors to undertake a cost-benefit analysis. It is this cost-benefit analysis which determined the preferences of other actors. An actor preferring to use unverbalised power will frighten, buy or coax the adversary.iv6. Contrary to Hard Power Soft Powervis the Power of culture, value system, mode of life. The distinction between Hard and Soft power is made on the basis of the instrument used. But Tarik Oguzlu disputes this basis of categorizing Hard and Soft Power. agree to him what makes power Soft is not the nature of means employed but the way those means are employed. Military power is not Hard Power and civilian power is not Soft Power. Military and civilian aspects of power refer to the kinds of means utilized. Hard and Soft dimensions of power refer to the ways military and civilian elements of power are used.vi7. Joseph S Nye also points out in his article Think Again Soft Power, that the term Soft Power has been stretched and twisted.viiThe popular understandings of the concept encompass a narrower sense and broader sense. In the narrower sense, soft power is similar to cultural influence. Prominent examples of this view let in those of British historian Niall Ferguson and German publicist Josef Joffe. The majority school of thought on soft power in China also subscribes to this narrower sense. In the broader sense, soft power is synonymous with non-military power and includes both cultural power and economic strength. While these popular understandings are misunderstandings, Scholars have argued that much of the confusion and misunderstanding of the concept of soft power is due to its being under-theorized, lack of academic refinement, and analytical fuzziness.8. Power always depends on context. To describe the context of power in the twenty-first century, Joseph S. Nye uses the metaphor of a three dimensional chess game on the top dining table of the three-dimensional game, the United States is the worlds only superpower, and one is unlikely to see a balance in military power for the next decade or two or perhaps even more. But on the nitty-gritty board of economic relations between states, at that place is already a balance of power. The United States can not get a trade balance or an anti trust solution if the European Union acts collectively, and without that balance and agreement, one cant achieve the desired outcomes. It is a bit anomalous to call international economic relations American Hegemony or empire. But if one goes to the bottom board of transnational relations, problems across borders outside the control of governments, whether its infectious diseases or drug smuggling or terrorism, no one is in charge. Power is chaotically or ganized or distributed. The only ways to deal with these issues is by cooperation among governments. To call that again American empire or American hegemony or unipolarity makes no sense at all. One is taking a metaphor from the top board and applying it to the bottom board, where it doesnt fit.viiiNew Threats are arising from the bottom board of transnational relations. While military power can be of some use occasionally on the bottom board, more often some other forms of power, particularly Soft Power is required.What makes Soft Power?9. Since soft power is the power to attract, the question, what constitutes soft power? becomes, What generates attraction? To answer this question, we must look for the power currencies that cause attraction. According to Alexander L. Vuving ,Associate Professor, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, there are at least three generic power currencies from which both power and its softness are derived. He calls them beauty, mavin, and benignity. 10. Benignity is an aspect of the agents relations with others, especially with the client of soft power. It refers to the haughty attitudes that you express when you treat people, especially when you treat the client. Benignity as a power currency works on the tendency of reciprocal altruism that exists in most, if not all, organisms. Among humans, it generates soft power through the production of gratitude and sympathy.11. wizard is an aspect of the agents relations with its work. It refers to the high performance that you accomplish when you do things. In international relations, brilliance manifests itself in various forms, for example, a strong and awesome military, a wealthy and vibrant economy, a rich and radiant culture, or a peaceful and well-run society. Brilliance as a power currency works on the tendency of human beings to learn from the successes of others. It generates soft power through the production of admiration, which can lead to imitation, or emulation, and res pect, or fear, or reverence.12. sweetheart in world politics is about the resonance that draws actors closer to each other through shared ideals, values, causes, or visions. Opposite values and causes provide a firm ground for regimes to see each other as ugly and shared values and causes provide a push toward the perception that the other regime is beautiful, which in turn will encourage confidence, friendship, and cooperation. If others perceive you in this role, they will adhere to you and look at you for guidance, example, encouragement, and inspiration. Beauty generates soft power through the production of inspiration.ixDialectics of Hard and Soft power13. Prima facie, there is no direct correlation between Hard Power and soft power. A country may be strong in hard power but yet may be weak in soft power and vice-versa. But still on closer examination it is found that a country strong in Hard Power is not totally impotent in soft power. Any country strong in Hard Power is alw ays a role model for draw a bead on power. Hence aspire powers are attracted to emulate the Soft power of Hard Power holder. This has been the case since antiquity. Since the Roman times till today every aspiring power imitates Romans.x14. There is a close relationship between the degree of securitization of issues and mode of power used. If the issues of concern were securitised, the tendency to use hard power would increase. The primary(prenominal) difference between hard and soft power stems from the kind of Logic of action which governs the behaviour of actors, and not the kind of instruments employed. If the logic of action is instrumental, i.e. if the goal were to force others to make a cost-benefit analysis through coercing or coaxing strategies, hence Hard Power occupies the centre-stage. On the other hand, if the goal were to ensure that other actors in the system would automatically follow the lead due to power of attraction, then one could refer to the existence of Sof t Power. Whereas the concept of Hard Power assumes a strong emphasis on the agent/actor, the concept of Soft power underlines the theaterificance of perceptions others hold vis--vis the agent / actor.xi15. Hard and Soft Power sometimes reinforces and sometimes interferes with each other. A country that courts popularity may be reluctant to exercise its hard power as and when the situation demands. But a country that throws its freight around without regard to the effect on its soft power may find others placing obstacles in the way of its hard power. But rarely can a state totally replace one by the other.xii16. A countrys soft power can affect its hard power. During the Iraq war, the United States wanted to persuade the Turkish Government to send the fourth Infantry Division across Turkey to enter Iraq from the North. But the Turkish government said no, because the United States had by then become so unpopular. Its policies were perceived as so illegitimate that they were not wil ling to allow this transfer of troops across the country. The net effect was that the quartern Infantry division had to go down through the canal, up through the Gulf, and arrived late to the war, which made a difference in the number of troops on the ground. Neglect of Soft Power made definite negative effect on hard Power.xiii17. It has been historically observed that state weak in Hard Power has exercised strong influence on others by its soft power. This has been the case with disintegrated Italys music. Hobsbawm writesxiv..Cultural hegemony is not an indicator of imperial power, nor does it depend much on it. If it did, Italy, disunited, powerless and poor, would not have dominated International musical life and art from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Moreover, where cultural power survives the decline of the power and prestige of the states that one propagated it the Roman Empire, or the French absolute monarchyAdvent of Smart Power18. The term hard power refe rs to guns and bombs, the military force of a country. Soft power is used to describe other forms of persuasion a country can employ trade deals, foreign aid, diplomacy, cultural influence and more. Joseph S Nye argues, however, that the most impelling leaders are actually those who combine Hard and Soft Power skills in proportions that vary with different situations. He calls this Smart Power.xv19. Smart power is a term in international relations defined by Joseph Nye as the ability to combine hard and soft power into a winning strategy. According to Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela R. Aall, smart power involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy essentially the engagement of both military force and all forms of diplomacy.xviMyths about Soft Power20. Soft Power Is Cultural Power According to Joseph S Nye Soft Power is part ly Cultural Power. Power is the ability to alter the behavior of others to get what you want. British historian Niall Ferguson described soft power as non-traditional forces such as cultural and commercial good sand. Of course, the fact that a foreigner drinks Coca-Cola or wears a Michael Jordan T-shirt does not in itself mean that America has power over him. This view confuses resources with behavior. Whether power resources produce a favorable outcome depends upon the context. Consider Iran. Western music and videos are anathema to the ruling mullahs, but attractive to many of the younger generation to whom they transmit ideas of freedom and cream. American culture produces soft power among some Iranians, but not others.xvii21. Economic Strength is Soft Power. Peter Brookes in a recent article refers to soft power options such as economic sanctions. However, he argues that there is nothing soft about sanctions and they are clearly intended to coerce and are thus a form of hard p ower. Economic strength can be converted into hard or soft power You can coerce countries with sanctions or woo them with wealth. As Walter Russell Mead has argued, economic power is sticky power it seduces as much as it compels.xviiiTheres no doubt that a successful economy is an important source of attraction. Sometimes in real-world situations, it is difficult to distinguish what part of an economic relationship is comprised of hard and soft power. European leaders describe other countries desire to accede to the European Union (EU) as a sign of Europes soft power. Turkey today is making changes in its human rights policies and domestic law to adjust to EU standards.22. Soft Power is Better than Hard Power. not necessarily. Because soft power has been hyped as an alternative to raw power politics, it is often embraced by ethically minded scholars and policymakers. But soft power is a description, not an ethical prescription. Like any form of power, it can be wielded for good or i ll. Hitler, Stalin, and Mao, after all, possessed a great deal of soft power in the eyes of their acolytes. It is not necessarily better to twist minds than to twist arms.23. Although soft power in the wrong hands can have dire consequences, it can in some cases offer morally superior means to certain goals. Contrast the consequences of Mohandas Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jrs choice of soft power with Yasir Arafats choice of the gun. Gandhi and King were able to attract moderate majorities over time, and the consequences were impressive both in effectiveness and in ethical terms. Arafats strategy of hard power, by contrast, killed absolved Israelis and drove Israeli moderates into the arms of the hard right.24. Hard Power can be Measured and Soft Power Cannot. False. In fact, its quite possible to assess sources of soft power. One can, for example, measure and compare the cultural, communications, and diplomatic resources that might produce soft power for a country. Public opin ion polls can limit changes in a countrys attractiveness over time. Nor is hard power as easy to quantify. The apparent precision of the measurement of hard power resources is often misbegotten and might be called the concrete fallacy. Some people act as though the only resources that can change behavior are those that can be dropped on your foot or on a city. But that is a mistake. The United States had far more measurable military resources than North Vietnam, but it nonetheless lost the Vietnam War. Whether soft power produces behavior that we want will depend on the context and the skills with which the resources are converted into outcomes.xix25. Some Goals can only be Achieved by Hard Power. Soft Power is not the solution to all problems. For example, North Korean dictator Kim Jong Ils penchant for Hollywood movies is unlikely to affect his last on developing nuclear weapons. Hard power just might dissuade him, particularly if China agreed to economic sanctions. Nor will so ft power be sufficient to stop the Iranian nuclear program, though the legitimacy of the administrations current multilateral approach may help to recruit other countries to a coalition that isolates Iran. And soft power got nowhere in attracting the Taliban government away from its support for Al Qaeda in the 1990s.It took American military might to do that. But other goals, such as the promotion of democracy and human rights are better achieved by soft power. Coercive democratization has its limits as the United State found out in Iraq. 26. Military Resources Produce Only Hard Power. Military force appears to be a defining resource for hard Power, but the same resource can sometimes contribute to Soft Power. Dictators like Hitler and Stalin cultivated myths of invincibility and inevitability to structure expectations and attract others to join their bandwagon. As Osama bin Laden has said, people are attracted to a strong horse rather than a weak horse. A well run military can be a source of attraction, and military to military cooperation and training programs, for example, can establish transnational networks that enhance a countrys Soft Power. Of course, misuse of military resources can also undercut Soft Power. Brutality and indifference to just war principles of discrimination and proportionality can also destroy legitimacy. The efficiency of the initial American military invasion of Iraq in 2003 created admiration in the eyes of some foreigners, but that Soft Power was undercut by the subsequent inefficiency of the occupation and the scenes of mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib.xx27. Soft Power Is Difficult to Use. Governments can control and change foreign policies. They can spend money on public diplomacy, broadcasting and exchange programs. They can promote, but not control popular culture. In that sense, one of the key resources that produce soft power is produced by civil society largely unconditional of government control. from Hollywood to Harvard.xxi28. Soft Power is irrelevant to the current terrorist threat. False. There is very little likelihood that we can ever attract people like Mohammed Atta or Osama bin Laden. We need hard power to deal with such hard cases. But the current terrorist threat is not Samuel Huntingtons clash of civilizations. It is a civil war between a majority of moderates and a small minority who want to coerce others into their simplified and ideologized version of their religion. We cannot win unless the moderates win. We cannot win unless the number of people the extremists are recruiting is lower than the number we are killing and deterring. That equation is hard to balance without Soft power. We cannot win hearts and minds without it. Soft power is more relevant than ever.

Analyzing an Advertisement for a Texas Instruments Calculator Essay

Analyzing an Advertisement for a Texas Instruments CalculatorGet your accept. These words liter ally speak for themselves when it comes to the Texas Instruments calculator TI-83+ liquid edition. Get your own is the entitle that appears at the top of the advertisement for the TI-83+ silver edition. The title is reemphasized by a group of teenagers pictured below the title. The teens pictured in the photo ar all playfully trying to get their hands on the coveted TI-83+ silver edition-graphing calculator. Directly below the picture of the teens, is a graphic of an enlarged graphing calculator, and displayed on the diffuse of the calculator is the new(a) phonebook feature. Then, to the right of the graphic are three short phrases that reemphasize and support the title of the advertisement. These phrases state more power, more speed, and more fun. antecedent these three phrases is a web address. The address shows the TI-83+ silver edition calculator in more depth, and also reiterat es the title of the advertisement. The website is gottagetyourown.com is implying that all students need their own calculator, and the TI-83+ silver edition is the best choice.The advertisement was found in the September issue of Teen Magazine. The author carefully planned the placement of this advertisement with the viewers in mind, for he or she was targeting those returning to school. The author most likely chose Teen Magazine to present the advertisement for reasons mostly relating to the viewer. The individuals that read Teen Magazine are in general teenagers that are attending school. Targeting teens in general would be a plus in the sense of advertising, for teenagers are interested in new technology, and want to have the latest fashion, or in this inst... ... with the viewer.Overall, the Texas Instruments TI-83+ silver edition calculator advertisement is an article displayed in such away that appeals to those seeking almost form of education. In most cases the advertisemen t would call to the teen genre. The advertisement displays the title Get Your Own at the top of the page to put wildness on the remainder of the article. The picture of the teens and the full size picture of the calculator are just other examples of why each individual should get their own TI-83+ silver edition calculator. Along with three small phrases and a web address, the article is compl ete in its emphasis of the title. Get Your Own, is a phrase that would definitely hold water out in a persons mind after viewing the article, therefore, the designer did a quality job formatting the advertisement. Then Get Your Own bewitching much sums up the article.

Hawksmoor :: English Literature

Hawksmoor - There are many puzzling features in this novel - Discuss three in detail, look at the way they are communicated.Hawksmoor as a novel is on the whole, puzzling. As it is a detectivestory, Peter Ackroyd uses different techniques of involving the readerin his mend so that even if the beginning is not fully understood, wehave to go on reading it just to see what happens next. Thesedifferent features, for example, the juxtaposition of the period periods among the chapters the post-modernistic aspects of Ackroydswriting and the conflicts between reality and fiction all make thenovel puzzling.Time in this novel is very confused, with two time periods (the modern mean solar day and the eighteenth century) being juxtaposed in alternate chaptersthroughout the novel. The theme of time is continued on this premiseand there are many references to time by the characters themselves.For example at one point, Nicolas Dyer says..how do we conclude what time is our own.Nicolas Hawksmoor as well as asks Well, Walter, what do you make of that timing?Its impossible, sir.Nothing is impossible. The impossible does not existNot unless are there direct referrals to time, like this but also thereare tenuous links and suggestions to it as a dominant theme. Forexample, Hawksmoor is looking for the nix meridian when he is inGreenwich and there are many others. The changes in time arehighlighted by the interesting use of language for the chaptersnarrated by pass Dyer. Many spellings are different from modernEnglish, for example, corpse is spelt corse. Ackroyd also usescapital letters for nouns in these chapters. The eighteenth centurywriting is a eternal reminder to the reader of which time period isbeing read about and is particularly prominent when the chapter andtherefore the time period changes. Furthermore, it means that thereader has to quash more and because of the different formationof sentences it is difficult for the reader to follow at times, whichis consisten t with the detective story theme. Ackroyd wants the readerto be actively involved in the plot and they need to pick up on anysmall threads that he drops.As the novel progresses, there is an increasing confusion with time,so much so that at points it seems barley present. Ackroyd highlightsthis with the abundance of flashbacks that both the main charactershave and because of this the time is changing not only between thechapters but also within them. Dyer has many flashbacks to his pastand they often come without warning or relevance to what waspreviously talked about.

Sleep, Dreams and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Sleep, Dreams and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder The discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) ease suggested that calmness was not, as it was thought to be, a dormant state but rather a mentally dynamic one. Your brain is, in fact, very nimble in this state, almost to the level at which it is when a person is awake. Yet during this active stage in which most dreams occur, the movements of the rest of the body are completely stilled. To imagine this paralysis during dreams not occurring is a frightful image, since in many cases dreams are violent and active. When the neurotransmitters that control the movement of the body do not sketch properly the person develops REM sleep behavioral disorder (RBD). While we are sleeping the sensory world is essentially revolving around us without our knowledge. Our senses of hearing, touch, taste, sight, and smack no longer function as they do when we are awake. Except for the threshold for each of these senses that each of us has while we sleep, ou r inner systems are functional essentially free of input from the outside world. And yet people are able to have vivid dreams. The cortex can only pass into sleep mode with the help of the are of the brain called the thalamus. The thalamus is one of the two structures that make up the diencephalon, the lower part of the fore brain. Its main function in mammals is as the relay station of sensory education its way to the cortical center. Specific regions of the thalamus, as well as different nuclei process different sensory information on its way to the cortex.In normal sleeping patterns a person usually passes done five phases of sleep, the fifth being REM. The sleeping human passes cyclically through these five phases throughout a nights rest. These phases can be defined in galvanic activity of the brain much like the activity of the heart is practically defined. The technique of measuring the electrical activity of the brain is call Electro-encephalogram, or EEG. When the elec trical events of a persons brain are graphed on a electrical order of magnitude versus time axis the graph of a person who is in different stages of being asleep or awake appear to have different levels of electrical activity occurring in the brain. (See (14))During the cycle of the phases each lasts for a different period of time during the time we are sleeping.

Elizabeth The Film Essay -- essays papers

Elizabeth The Film Theme of the Film How Elizabeth managed to gain the throne done turmoil, and then maintain it through notwithstanding greater conflict and opposition. Greatest Surprise of the Film The attention to detail and the symbolism employed to make the invention richer than any other period piece. The script was also very well written, and very well paced making the movie a good deal more enjoyable to scout because it was interesting and did not drag. Historical Characters Prioritized Elizabeth I, Duke of Leicester, Sir William Cecil, Walsingham, Duke of Norfolk, Mary Queen of Scots, and the Vatican, various potential suitors to Elizabeth I. Understanding Clarified Which Would Not Be Achieved Through Reading Alone Elizabeths political struggles greatly affected her personal life. Being a passionate woman did not make this easy, and she was forced to give up much, even applaud, for her ruler and her state. Summary The film Elizabeth is set in 15 52, mid sixteenth century, when a shift in power is about to occur in the British Empire. The lady friend of Henry VIII and one of his many headless brides, Elizabeth was not only outcast because of this, but because of her protestant religious beliefs and affiliations. Her half infant Mary, along with her sisters husband Philip II of Spain, ruled the English Empire at this time. They were both strict to the catholic faith and when they felt the threat of their protestant relative. They had her arrested and brought to the tower of London for interrogation, and hopefully a confession of treasonous heresy. But in a turn of events, Mary dies without giving way to signing Elizabeths dying warrant. Suddenly a protestant heretic is upon the throne of England. So Elizabeth I, of the house of Tudor, begins her rule of the English Empire on a wobbly footing. With the likes of the Duke of Norfolk and up even to as high as the Vatican itself, plotting against the new Queen, and Elizabeths p ersonal endeavors complicating her rule, Elizabeth must choose wisely in her actions so not to lose her throne or her head. Biding by the advice of her trusted counsel including her lover, the Duke of Leicester, Sir William Cecil, her only real father figure, and her advisor and bodyguard Walsingham, Elizabeth tried to bring her rule and her state to order. In the end, Elizabeth has to give her love and he... ... film good.3. Results? A great script, concentrated direction, brilliant lighting and cinematography, etc. all helped make the film very good. But the core of this film is in spades the emotion. The acting was wonderful and the story was nothing short of great. These were the hearts of the film.Recommendations for Future Use of this Film This films gives amazing insight into what royalty have to go through. It was enlightening about the religious struggles in Europe in the sixteenth century, as well as the overall fight for power the throne causes. The film brings much a ttention to the idea of corruption and betrayal, especially those you very much love and trust. The film focuses on the idea of sacrifice. Elizabeth had to sacrifice her own personal life in the end in order to secure her rule and remain queen of England. She symbolically cut her hair and became The Virgin Queen, deciding to never again let man or romance get in the way of the throne. Did she truly want to do this, or was it just a necessary evil? exclusively that we are told is that she remained at the throne for another forty years after this film ends, and that her rule is considered Englands Golden Age.