Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management EssayI. IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the characteristics of the Pre-WW II lacquerese collective management from the perspective of the tender-hearted resource naturaliseing. The essential framework of the Japanese-style human resource management before WW II constituted severalize employment by a few ranks consequently, different duties and treatments followed accordingly. The initial ranks were determined by the level i.e. complaisant recognition and overall academic achievement of advanced employees school days. Thus, the approach was called an genteelnessal class system. The graduates of either universities or engineering schools were hired as high-ranking employees with monthly payment, whilst the graduates of technical foul or commercial schools which were on a level with secondary education filled the posts of employee in semi-staff condition. Their wages were paid either monthly or daily. In the case of workmen with elementary education at shop floors, the payment was unaccompanied made daily.The gap of prestige and remuneration amongst the different ranks was distinctive 1 . This noniceable correlation mingled with educational ambit and ex officio standing was developed within a group of large corporations from the beginning of the 20th century. Afterwards, during the 1920s and 30s, it became common in large-scale firms. It has been agreed that, as a key element of corporal employment, the custom of periodically employing new graduates of universities and other educational institutions characterised the growth of the Japanese internal labour market 2 .There has been a general viewpoint that this educational class system was abolished by the Japanese policy of democratisation after WW II nonetheless, my study points divulge a new fact that a couple of misapprehension exists there. The first misconception is that it was rather exceptional for a new employee with comparatively weak e ducational play down to be promoted to a prestigious post despite his long commitment and contribution to his firm 3 . The second is that any potential disaccord between the highly ranked and compensated group of university graduates and the lower with basic education was dealt with by the former alongside the unique Japanese code of group behaviour. Especially, the fantabulous engineers with university education were known to take a serious view of operatives works at shop floor more than assignments at laboratories and this attitude was positively appraised in the past studies and discussed as a key success factor 4 .Yet, the two standpoints seem invalid. The statements of the management and leading engineers of the period prove that the university graduates of engineering did not possess adequate knowledge for production operation. Besides, they did not show any preference to practices at shop floor and instead complained a lot near technical operations at shop classs. The Ja panese firms necessitated both university-educated engineers with theoretical knowledge and shop floor technicians with operational understanding, when they developed new products on the basis of merchandise western technologies. My research 5 has investigated the Japanese human resource management of pre-war Japanese corporations, and it presents that the technicians were mostly the graduates of technical schools which were on a level with secondary education and, even in some cases, those with onlyelementary education. They were, at the beginning, hired as a junior group of workforce i.e. workmen or employee in semi-staff condition,However, got promoted later(prenominal) to the higher ranks in accordance with their commitment to work and internal training programmes, and consequent appraisals of their technical capability. The Japanese firms of the period required those human resources to improve proficient capacity, and facilitated the development by providing them with incent ives of promotion to prestigious posts.II. Higher Technical Education and Appraisal of University-graduated Engineers Throughout the historical context of adopting western industrial technologies, Japan bugger off the early disintegration of apprentice system and the swift institutional development of technical educations even before the full-scale industrialisation. Henry Dyer, a graduate of Glasgow University, act to integrate theoretical and technical educations, andthis resulted in the establishment of a symbolic institution of engineering in 1873, Kobu Daigakko, which was the precursor of the Engineering Department of Tokyo University. Dyers ideology of the combined education of technology gained high reputation of deserving international attention, and his approach was recognised to bring forth the university-educated Japanese engineers common ethos of taking operations at shop floor seriously 6 .Nevertheless, it is worth noting that a considerable number of managers, engin eers, technician, and workmen brought up harsh criticism somewhat the effectuality of the university-level technical education as well as the overall capability of university graduates. Ohuchi Ai-Sichi, managing director of Mitsubishi Electric and an ex rear admiral of technology of the Japanese Imperial Navy, advised his men in 1938 that they should ease up on the yet unprofessional new recruits from universities and stop despising the rookies of practical engineering at real workshops since the university programmes were generally concerned more with highbrow engineering theories 7 .A few causes of the university graduates insufficient practical knowledge and incapacity of directing workshop technicians and workmen were discussed firstly, the drawback of university programmes was derived from the overstress upon note takings at lectures instead of development of the ability of thinking and reading secondly, university students of engineering tended to dislike practical trainings and furthermore, the content of the university programmes lacked technical trainings demand for the actual operations at shop floors 9 .Concerning the sustainable technological development, Japanese corporations began to necessitate a new group of workforce that could fill the well-disposed and professional gap between highbrow theoreticians from universities and practitioners with relatively insufficient theoretical understandings. The Japanese firms therefore obtained the essential human resources from their own internal training programmes as well as personnel administration. The following section will introduce the authors research on the managerial endeavour in the ship progress toing sector, which led the noticeable growth of the Japanese heavy industry.III. Internal Development of Human Resources and Professional Promotion In the case of the shipbuilding industry, this research analyses the humanresources development and personnel administration of the naval arsenal and t he Nagasaki dockyard of Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company. The following three points deserve our attention. Firstly, along with the development of the modern educational institution, they recruited university or polytechnic graduates for the prestigious post of administration, but this was not the only approach of employment another method of personnel was to train talented workshop technicians and workmen internally and then promote them to the first-rate positions. Secondly, it is worth denoting that the technological underdevelopment facilitated the industry to build up the personnel policy.Then, lastly, due to the industrial underdevelopment, the two organisations transferred newly recruited assistant engineers from university or polytechnic to workshops for a while during the initial period of their career development the intention of this programme was to allow them experience the technical practices. The three features are well lighted in the following historical descriptio ns.The naval arsenal in its early phase of 1870 benchmarked a French model of technical school to set up its own, and commenced development of two kinds of human resources superior technical staffs with education of professional apprehension of theories (similar to the French naval technical officers) and skilful chargehands at shop floors with basic theoretical education. In tandem with the founding of modern technical schools in Japan, only university graduates were recruited for the superior posts of engineering from 1882, and the corporate training programmes for professional engineers was abolished.As presented in board 2, the rate of university graduates and polytechnic graduates within the newly recruited junior engineers during the 1920s reached approximately 50 percent. In the first half of the same period, elementary school graduates covered 20 to 30 percent of the population then in the second half, the ratio was replaced by the graduates of corporate technical schools. The latter group were in addition elementary school graduates thus, this implies that they were employed, at the beginning, as wage earners right after their graduation. They acquired technical knowledge from workshop practices, and then learned basic theories through the corporate school therefore, the personnel administration of hiring those internally developed labourers for the junior posts continued. In addition, and surprisingly, their path of career development was extended to the positions of superior engineers.Table 3 presents that only 60 percent of the total population of the upper-class engineers was covered by university and polytechnic graduates whereas the graduates of corporate school occupied nearly 20 percent during the 1920s.The development of the personnel system of promoting a part of talented workmen and workshop technicians to engineering staffs was realised by the fact that the skilled workmen and technicians with sufficient operational knowledge and experie nce at shop floors played a significant role in the ship design of the time. The blueprints described, at most, ship concepts and hull structures no information regarding how to build them was provided. Hence, engineering staffs with conceptual understanding of the blueprints, technical capability of choosing proper materials, and managerial experience of directing dockyard workmen and technicians were demanded, and the internally trained workforce from shop floor turn out to be the most capable 11 . The unique scheme of promotion was therefore developed to increase their working incentive.In contrast, the role of superior engineers with university or polytechniceducation was limited to the managerial posts of each sector and preparation of the blueprints of basic design. It was therefore inevitable to let them have workshop experiences.The largest personal industrial leader, Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Companys Nagasaki dockyard, was not an exception. The employment of university or polytechnic graduates started in 1890, and the recruitment from university increased from the beginning of the 20th century. In 1911, the corporate policy of employing only university graduates for the superior posts was forged. Nonetheless, owing to the identical context of the naval arsenal, the internally educated skilled workforce with affluent shop floor experiences and technical knowledge was constantly on demand. In consequence, the company decided to promote staffs without university education to the superior posts in engineering as well 12 .Table 5 indicates that, from 1916 to 1926, nearly a half of the new superior technical staffs were the recruitment of workshop technicians without any kind of high education. Some of the new staffs were the graduates of Mitsubishi Kogyo Yobi Gakko (preparatory school of engineering), which was established in 1899 to train operatives for blueprint reading at least 37 men were included, and their educational background was elementary schoo l only 13 .Just like the naval arsenals personnel scheme, Mitsubishi also developed a programme of transferring superior engineers with university education tothe post of apprenticeship at workshops to let them obtain live knowledge and experience. In 1923, the period of apprenticeship was fixed as a half a year, then, extended to a year in 1927 14 .IV. Concluding RemarksIn the advance of the Japanese heavy industry, two sorts of technical talents were required a group of workforce for adopting the western technologies, and the other group of skilled engineers, who could direct workmen and workshop technicians in operation and understand engineering theories as well. The former was supplied by university graduates alongside the establishment of higher education in Japan then, the latter was grown by both the corporate training programmes for talented workmenworkshop technicians (with relatively weak educational background) and the personnel scheme of promoting them to superior posts . The Japanese firms try out a plan of fully utilising their potentials by promoting them to the most prestigious position of workman i.e. chargehand, but the attempt was unsuccessful since chargehands did know their unsatisfactory social status and even tried to leave the post of chargehand, if possible. It was thus necessary to firstly develop an incentive system of promotion, based upon corporate training programmes, and then integrate it into the educational class system. The personnel ways and means enabled management of any kind of potential disaccord or communicational hold back between superior staffs (with university-level education) and workmen and workshop technicians and the personnel scheme facilitated the efficient internalisation of the imported technologies at shop floors.